In surface coupling, every discrete particle in the subdomain DE can interact with the outer surface of the FEM mesh that discretizes the other subdomain FE, as shown above. The standard DEM and FEM can be used respectively to solve the problem in each subdomain. Nevertheless, it is difficult to exchange properly the forces/stresses and velocities/strain rates on (part of) the coupling surface such that the information loss in this exchange is minimal. We reformulate a surface coupling problem using Coarse-Graining for micro-macro transition; the triangulation approach is adopted for particle- finite element contact detection.
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